Cont. Families of dicots

Family Ranunculaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: dissected with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Calyx: posterior sepal may form spur, colored.
5. Corolla: polypetalous, may be 2 united inside the spur.
6. Androecium: Numerous  stamens, may be 15, spirally arranged.
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, apocarpous, may be 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal placentation.

Family: Lauraceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.
2. Aromatic odour present.

Floral characters:

3. Flower: Trimerous.
4. Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, petaloid.
5. Androecium: 12 stamens in 4 whorles, innermost staminodes, the third whorl bearing a pair of basal glandular protuberances.
6. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal placentation.

Family: Papaveraceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Hispid plant.
2. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

3. Flower: Tetramerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Calyx: two caducous (falling early) sepals.
6. Corolla: polypetalous, crumbled(duntellate-shape) petals.
7. Androecium: numerous free stamens.
8. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 2-∞ carpels, 1  locule, parietal placentation, capitate stigma.

Family: Cruciferae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: clasping with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Inflorescence: Corymboracemose.
3. Flower: Tetramerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Corolla: polypetalous, each differentiated into claw and limb.
6. Androecium: 6 stamens, tetradynamous.
7. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2  locules, false septum, parietal placentation.

Family: Leguminosae, subfamily: Mimosoideae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Inflorescence:  Head-like.
3. Flower: Pentamerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Corolla: poly- or gamopetalous.
6. Androecium: 5-∞ free stamens.
7. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal placentation.

Family: Leguminosae, subfamily: Caesalpinioideae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Corolla: polypetalous, imbericate ascending.
5. Androecium: 5-10 stamens.
6. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal placentation.

Family: Leguminosae, subfamily: Papillionoideae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Corolla: polypetalous, imbericate descending, papilionaceous

                     corolla(standard,wings, keel).

5. Androecium: 10 stamens, united diadelphous 1,(9).
6. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, marginal placentation.

Family: Malpighiaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: compound with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Calyx: sepals with 2 or 1 external glands.
5. Corolla: polypetalous.
6. Androecium: 10 stamens connate at base, obdiplostemony.
7. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile placentation.

Family: Tropaeolaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: peltate with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Calyx: posterior 3 sepals united forming spur, colored.
5. Corolla: polypetalous, the 3 anterior differentiated into claw & limb with  

                   corona.

6. Androecium: 8  stamens, obdiplostemony.
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile placentation.

Family: Rutaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.
2. Characteristic odour.

Floral characters:

3. Flower: Tetra- or pentamerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Corolla: polypetalous.
6. Androecium: 8, 10, (∞) stamens, obdiplostemonous
7. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 4, 5, ∞ carpels, 4, 5, ∞  locules, axile placentation, basal gland.

Family: Sterculiaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise).
5. Androecium: numerous stamens, united forming incomplete monadelphous staminal tube.
6. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 5 carpels, 5 locules, axile placentation, red ovules.
7. Androgynophore present.

Family: Malvaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.
2. Presence of mucilage.

Floral characters:

3. Flower: Pentamerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise) .
6. Androecium: numerous stamens, united forming complete monadelphous staminal tube.
7. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 10 carpels, 10 locules, axile placentation.

Family: Bombacaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate multicostate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Corolla: polypetalous, contorted (clockwise/anticlockwise) .
5. Androecium: numerous stamens, united polyadelphous.
6. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 5 carpels, 5 locules, axile placentation, red ovules.

Family: Myrtaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Tetramerous or pentamerous  .
3. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Corolla: polypetalous.
5. Androecium: numerous stamens.
6. Gynoecium: inferior ovary, 3 carpels, 3 locules, axile placentation, single style.

Family: Apocynaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves opposite or whorled with reticulate venation.
2. Latex present.

Floral characters:

3. Pentamerous flower.
4. Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube, contorted aestivation
6. 5  epipetalous stamens, closing the corolla, hairy.
7. Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, (may be apocarpous), basal glandular disc is present.

Family: Bignoniaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Pentamerous flower.
3. Perianth is differentiated into calyx and corolla.
4. Petals are Gamopetalous, forming corolla tube.
5. 5 epipetalous stamens, 4 fertile and 1 sterile (staminode).
6. Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 2 locules, axile placentation, basal glandular disc, bifid stigma.

Cont. Dicot orders

Order: Ranales

Hutchinson an Bessy consider Ranales the origin of Dicotyledoneae, but Engler put Ranales as the second order after Centrospermae. Ranales represents a link between Gymnospermeae & Angiospermeae from one side and Monocotyledoneae & Dicotyledoneae on the other side.

Key to families of order Ranales

A. Hydrophytes

      B. Latex present…….…………………..…..Nymphaceae

      BB. Latex absent………………..…….Ceratophyllaceae

AA. Terresterial

      C. Herbs…………………………………Ranunculaceae

      CC. Shrubs

                  D. Volatile oils present

                              E. Carpels more than one

                                          F. Fruits fleshy………..Annonaceae

                                          FF. Fruits dry…….…Magnoliaceae

                              EE. Carpel one ……..………….Lauraceae

                  DD. Volatile oils absent……………Berberidaceae

Key to families of order Rhoedales

A. Flower regular

            B. Gynophore present …………………..…Capparidaceae

            BB. Gynophore absent

                        C. K ₂, G _(2-∞) ......................................Papaveraceae

                                 (A _2: Fumeroideae, A _4: Hyperoideae, A _∞: Papaveroideae)

                        CC. K ₂₊₂, A ₂₊₄, G ₍₂₎ …………………Cruciferae

AA. Flower irregular

            D. Gynophore or Androgynophore present

                        E. Gynophore present …………….....Moringaceae

                        EE. Androgynophore present

                                    F. Androgynophore long….Capparidaceae

                                    FF. Androgynophore short…….Resedaceae

            DD. Gynophore or Androgynophore absent..Papaveraceae                                                                                                                                    

                                                                                  (Fumeroideae)

Key to families of order Rosales

A. Fruit legume...........................................................Leguminosae

             (Ө: Mimosoideae, %: Caesalpinioideae, % & papilionaceous corolla:

                 Papillionoideae)

AA. Fruite not legume

            B. A 4+4 ………………………………….…Crassulaceae

            BB. A 5+5 …………………………….........Saxifragaceae

            BBB. A 10+10+10 ………………………..……..Rosaceae

                              (Fruit dehiscent: Spiroideae, Fruit indehiscent, 

                               Flower epigenous: Pomoideae, Flower not so,

                        syncarpous: Prunoideae, Apocarpous: Rosoideae)

Key to families of order Geraniales

A. Flowers unisexual …………………………….Euphorbiaceae

AA. Flowers bisexual

            B. Sepals glanded …………………………Malpighiaceae

            BB. Sepals not glanded

                        C. Style single

                                    D. Stigma free

                                                E. A ₄₊₄ ……………Tropaeolaceae

                                                EE. Not so …………..Geraniaceae

                                    DD. Stigma simple

                                                F. Nectary glands present..Rutaceae

                                                FF. Nectary glands absent

                                                              ………..….Zygophyllaceae

                        CC. Style free

                                    G. Leaves simple ……………….Linaceae

                                    GG. Leaves compound ………Oxalidaceae

Key to families of order Sapindales

A. Stamens 10, one functional surrounded by 5 cushins, Fruite drupe or berry …..................................................…Anacardiaceae

AA. Stamens 5+5 fertile, climbing plants, Fruit capsule ………………………….………………………...…..Sapindaceae

Key to families of order Malvales

A. Androgynophore present ………………………Sterculiaceae

AA. Androgynophore absent

            B. Stamens numerous free or in bundles ………Tiliaceae

            BB. Stamens numerous united

                        C. Stamens monadelphous, pollen grains spiny           

                             …………………………..…………Malvaceae

                        CC. Stamens polyadelphous, pollens not spiny  

                                ………………………….……Bombacaceae

Key to families of order Myrtiflorae

A. Flower perigynous

            B. Petals present ……………………….……..Lythraceae

            BB. Petals absent …………………………..Thymelaceae

AA. Flower epigynous

            C. Sepals colored ………………………….….Onagraceae

            CC. Sepals green

                        D. Placentation parietal ……………......Punicaceae

                        DD. Placentation axile …...……….……Myrtaceae

Key to families of order Contortae

A. Flowers pentamerous, corona present at corolla throat, filaments reduced ……..........................................................….Apocynaceae

AA. Flolwers tetra- or pentamerous, corona absent, leaves silvery

            B. Stamens 2 epipetalous ...................……...……Oleaceae

            BB. Stamens 4 epipetalous ……………..……Loganiaceae

Key to families of order Tubiflorae

A. Stamens 5 epipetalous

            B. Staminode present ……………………….Bignoniaceae

            BB. All stamens fertile

                        C. Boragoid inflorescence, stiff hairs present

                             ………………………….……….Boraginaceae

                        CC. Not so

                                    D. Filaments hairy at base, plants climbing

                                          …….……..…………..Convolvulaceae

                                    DD. Not so

                                                E. Leaf base asymmetric, green

                                                    capitate sticky stigma..Solanaceae

                                                EE. Leaf base symmetric, stigma

                                                       branched …...…Polemoniaceae

AA. Stamens 2-4 epipetalous

            F. Placentation parietal ……………….…..Orobancaceae

            FF. Placentation axile

                        G. Style gynobasic ………………………Labiatae

                        GG. Style terminal

                                    H. Corolla tube curved …..….Verbenaceae

                                    HH. Corolla tube straight

                                                I. Placentation swollen

                                                  ………………....Scrophulariaceae

                                                II. Placentation not swollen, 2

                                                      bracteoles ………..Acanthaceae

Lecture 05

Dicotyledoneae

General characteristic features

1. Embryo with typically 2 cotyledons.

2. Stem with arranged vascular bundles.

3. Leaves usually with netted venation of the palmate or pinnate type.

4. Flower basically with parts numerous or in multiples or of 4 or 5 (Tetramerous or pentamerous),

Key for the orders of Dicotyledoneae

A. Flowers without a sepaloid or petaloid Perianth (bracts may be present).

     B. Leaves in whorls 4-16 scale-like, branches striated; stamens single....................Verticillatae

     BB. Leaves otherwise; Stamens 2-more ..........................................................................Salicales

AA. Flowers with a Perianth of sepals or petals or both.

     C. Petals distinct or mostly so, usually when not so are fused with sepals and stamens to form an

hypanthiun.

          D. Perianth parts generally alike (sepaloid or petaloid) and undifferentiated into calyx and

                corolla.

                   E. Flowers mostly unisexual   ............................................................................Urticales

                 EE. Flowers mostly bisexual ............................................................................ Polygonals

       

          DD. Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla (corolla sometimes absent).

                   F. Embryo coiled or curved, rarely   straight, placentation basal or

free-central .........................................................................................Centrospermae

                 FF. Embryo straight, placentation usually axile or parietal.

                          G. Floral parts spirally arranged, gynoecium mostly   multipistillate, each   

                                  pistil monocarpellate............................................................................. Ranales

                       GG. Floral parts cyclic, gynoecium  mostly unipistillate and each pistil

                                syncarpous (except some Resales).

                                H. Placentation basically parietal (no hypanthium) ..........................Rhoeadales

                             HH. Placentaion axile or ovules few or solitary in a unilocular

                                         ovary hypanthium often present.

                                         I. Overy predominantly inferior or surrounded by hypanthium.

                                                Pistil 1 to many, sometimes syncarpous. Stamens mostly

                                                epigynous or perigynous ..........................................................Rosales

                                         II. Ovary inferior or superior almost always syncarpous.

                                                   J. Stamens rarely more than twice as many as sepals in

                                                          one or two whorls, hypogynous.

                                                           K. The stamens twice as as sepals in two whorls or in

                                                                     1 whorl and opposite the sepals.

                                                                     L. Ovules pendulous with a ventral raphe and

                                                                              micropyle up or erect with a dorsal raphe and the

                                                                               micropyle down ....................................Geraniales

                                                                     LL. Ovules pendulous with a ventral raphe and

                                                                              micropyle down or erect with a ventral raphe

                                                                               and the micropyle up ............................Sapindales

                                                           KK. The  stamens as many as the sepals and

                                                                        alternating with them

                                                                         (opposite the petals)....................................Rhamnales

                                                

                                                       JJ. Stamens usually numerous.

                                                             M. Ovary superior

                                                                      N. Placentation usually axile. Sepals

                                                                                usually valvate.........................................Malvales

                                                                   NN. Placentation usually parietal, sepals usually

                                                                                  imbricate .............................................Parietales

                                                         MM. Ovary usually inferior or surrounded by an hypanthium

                                                                     O. Sepals and petals numerous, the series often not

                                                                              sharply differentiated. Plants spiny usually

                                                                              fleshy .....................................................Opuntiales

                                                                   OO. Sepals and petals usually 4 or 5. Plants not

                                                                              fleshy, rarely spiny.

                                                                              P. Ovules several to many in each locule (or

                                                                                        if 1 -2 the ovary superior and enveloped

                                                                                        by an hypanthium ..................... Myrtiflorae

                                                                            PP. Ovules 1-2 in each locule. Ovary

                                                                                         inferior.   Inflorescence   cymose or

                                                                                          umbellate ..............................Umbelliflorae

        

                CC. Petals connate and corolla deciduous as a single unit.

                        Q. Ovary superior.

                                  R. Stamens opposite the corolla tube as many as or more than

                                            corolla lobes.

                                             S. Placenlation free-central . Ovules usually many. Styles

                                                         one ..............................................................................Primulales

                                            SS. Placentation basal or the single ovule pendulous, the

                                                         styles or their branches ....................................... PIumbaginales

                                 RR. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes as many as the lobes or fewer.

                                              T. The corolla herbaceous, fruit never a circumscissile capsule

                                                           U. Corolla lobes convulute. Ovary 2 carpelled or

                                                                       ovaries 2 and each unicarpellate. Stamens

                                                                        usually inserted at or near corolla base

                                                                                         ..................................................... Contortae

                                                         UU. Corolla lobes imbricate. Ovary 1 with 2-5

                                                                        carples, stamens usually adnate to the mostly

                                                                         elongated corolla tube ............................... Tubiflorae

                                             TT. The corolla scarious. Fruit a circumscissile capsule

                                                                                   ..................................................... Plantaginales

                           QQ. Ovary inferior

                                       V. Stamens distinct, rarely coherent. Leaves opposite....................Rubiales

                                     VV. Stamens coherent or variously connate. Leaves mostly alternate

                                                  W. Carples 3. Placentation predominantly parietal flowers

                                                          mostly unisexual. Plant lianous herbs....................Cucurbitales

                                               WW. Carples usually 2 or 5 (rarely 3). Placentation axile

                                                           or ovules one and basal or pendulous. Plants

                                                           infrequently lianous herb ...................................Campanulatae

Order: Verticillatae

Family: Casuarinaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Stem: woody, jointed.
2. Leaves: whorled, scale-like, united basally to form a toothed sheath.

Floral characters:

3. Inflorescence: male flowers in spikes, female flowers in heads.
4. Perianth: absent or represented by 2 scales.
5. Androecium: only 1 stamen.
6. Gynoecium: superior ovary, 2 carpels, one carpel aborted, parietal placentation.
7. Fruite: cone-like multiple fruit.
8. Seed: winged samara.

Order: Salicales

Family: Salicaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Buds: winter; protected with scaly leaves
2. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

3. Inflorescence: catkin, dioecious.
4. Flower: Unisexual.
5. Perianth: absent (naked flower), one or more glands present.
6. Androecium: 2-many stamens (male flower).
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-4 carpels, 1 locule, parietal placentation (female flower).

Order: Urticales

Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, flowers unisexual, androecium with few to several stamens, bicarpellate unilocular superior ovary with a solitary ovule.

Key to families of order Urticales

A. Fruit an achene

            B. Plants aromatic, erect or climbing…………………………………...……Cannabinaceae

            BB. Plants not aromatic, with stinging hairs…………………………………...….Urticaceae

AA. Fruit not an achene

            C. Fruit multiple, sap milky……………………………………………………...…Moraceae

            CC. Fruit a drupe, nut or samara, sap not milky……………………………………Ulmaceae

Family: Urticaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Plant: Stinging hairs present.
2. Leaves: With reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

3. inflorescence: Dense small green cymose.
4. Flower: Unisexual, pentamerous  or tetramerous.
5. Perianth: is undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
6. Androecium: 5 or 4  antiposed stamens (male flower).
7. Gynoecium:Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal placentation (female flower).

Family: Moraceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Plant: With milky sap.
2. Leaves: simple with reticulate venation, large stipules.

Floral characters:

3. Inflorescence: catkin, monoecious or dioecious.
4. Flower: Tetramerous, Unisexual.
5. Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
6. Androecium: 4  antiposed stamens (male flower).
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2 carpels, 1 locule, apical placentation (female flower).

Order: Centrospermae (Curvembryeae)

The order is of interest as indicating a passage from Monochlamydeae to the Dialypetalous type. The simplest flower forms of Chenopodiaceae show a similar plan of floral structure to Urticales, while more advanced families are typically dichlamydous reaching in Caryophyllaceae.

The perianth biseriate, the monochlamydous type is represented by Chenopodiaceae and Amarantaceae. The embryo coiled or curved, thus the order has also been called Curvembryeae. The ovary superior and unilocular.

Key to families of order Centrospermae

A. Stem nodded, dichasially branched, leaves opposite……………………...…….Caryophyllaceae

AA. Not So

            B. Carpels 2 or more

                        C. Fruit achene

D. Fruite thin-walled………………………………..…………Nyctaginaceae

DD. Fruite inflated

            E. Perianth memberanous………………..……………Amarantaceae

            EE. Perianth herbaceous……………...……………..Chenopodiaceae

                        CC. Fruit capsule

                                    F. Perianth differentiated into K₂ and C _4-6……………..…….Portulaccaceae

                                    FF. Perianth single of 5 tepals…………………………...…………Aizoaceae

            BB. Carpel one

                        G. Perianth petaloid……………………………………..…………….Nyctaginaceae

                        GG. Perianth sepaloid………………………..…………...………….Phytolaccaceae

Family: Caryophyllaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Stem: nodded, swollen nodes, dichotomously branched.
2. Leaves: opposite with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

3. Flower: Pentamerous or tetramerous.
4. Perianth: differentiated into calyx and corolla.
5. Corolla: Petals are polypetalous, claw and limb, caryophyllaceous.
6. Androecium: 8, 10 stamens.
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-5 carpels, 2-5  locules basally, 1 locule apically, axile placentation basally, free central apically, free styles 2-5, androgynophore present.

Family: Nyctaginaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Bract: Colored.
3. Flower: Pentamerous.
4. Perianth: Undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, petaloid.
5. Androecium: 5-8 stamens, connate.
6. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 1 carpel, 1 locule, basal placentation.

Family: Amarantaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: With reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Inflorescence: Dense small showy cymose.
3. Flower: Small dry pentamerous.
4. Bract: Colored, scarious, bracteoles present.
5. Perianth: Undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
6. Androecium: 5 antiposed stamens connate at base forming cup or tube.
7. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 3-2 carpels, 1 locule, basal placentation.

Family: Chenopodiaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Inflorescence: Dense small green cymose.
3. Flower: Pentamerous.
4. Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
5. Androecium: 5 antiposed stamens.
6. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 2-3 carpels, 1 locule, basal placentation.

Family: Phytolaccaceae

Vegetative characters:

1. Leaves: with reticulate venation.

Floral characters:

2. Flower: Tetra- or Pentamerous.
3. Perianth: undifferentiated into calyx nor corolla, sepaloid.
4. Androecium: 4-5-∞ stamens.
5. Gynoecium: Superior ovary, 4-5-∞ carpels, 4-5-∞ locules, axile placentation, 

                           (may be apocarpous, basal placentation).